民间故事是按什么结构来写 民间故事有哪些表现形式
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民间故事是按什么结构来写 民间故事有哪些表现形式（一）
写历史故事要遵循时间的发展规律，公正客观的对待每一个历史人物，一般采用编年体来写。在故事结尾可以适当的表达比较能使人认同的观点,在故事中不要虚化，丑化或美化某个人。把尽可能多的空间留给读者。
是直接表述人物怎么的事迹，然后写总结和个人观点
写历史故事开头简单交待一下。什么很久很久以前。或者什么xx年xx月xx日。哪里。。。。很简单。写具体的，开头写那么多干什么。分清主次。
民间故事是按什么结构来写 民间故事有哪些表现形式（二）
田横兵败落荒至此，后五百义士于田横岛仗义自刎，流传千古。
百鸟朝凤
很久很久以前，凤凰只是一只很不起眼的小鸟，羽毛也很平常，丝毫不象传说中的那般光彩夺目。但它有一个优点：它很勤劳，不像别的鸟那样吃饱了就知道玩，而是从早到晚忙个不停，将别的鸟扔掉的果实都一颗一颗捡起来，收藏在洞里。
这有什么意思呀？这不是财迷精，大傻瓜吗？可别小看了这种贮藏食物的行为，到了一定的时候，他可发挥大用处了！
果然，有一年，森林大旱。鸟儿们觅不到食物，都饿的头昏眼花，快支撑不下去了。这时，凤凰急忙打开山洞，把自己多年积存下来的干果和草籽拿出来分给大家，和大家共渡难关。
旱灾过后，为了感谢凤凰的救命之恩，鸟儿们都从自己身上选了一根最漂亮的羽毛拔下来，制成了一件光彩耀眼的百鸟衣献给凤凰，并一致推举它为鸟王。
以后，每逢凤凰生日之时，四面八方的鸟儿都会飞来向凤凰表示祝贺，这就是百鸟朝凤。
法厄同驾太阳车的故事 : 日神的儿子法厄同纠缠他的父亲，要求驾着日神的飞马在空中驰聘一天。慈爱的父亲谆谆告诫他的儿子：你的要求太过份了，你的力气和年纪都办不到，它的名字叫作「灾难」。但是法厄同不听他的话，还是提出原来的要求。无奈的父亲只好引他到乌尔冈所造的高大的车辇前面。 年轻的法厄登上了轻车，兴高采烈地握住缰绳。日神的四匹快马感到车辇的载重和往常不同，就乱奔起来，离开了原来的轨道。发愁的法厄同从天顶往下看，脸色发白，两膝发软，后悔不该驾他父亲的马。太阳车一直向前冲去，就像风中的船，船上的舵手把不住舵，索性放了手，让神去摆布。 最后轴脱辐散，破车的残躯断片散落一地。法厄同，火焰烧着了他的赤金色的头发，头朝下栽下去，拖着一条长尾巴在空中陨落。远离故乡，在天的另一边的厄里达诺斯河收容了他，洗净了他余烟未息的脸。
民间故事是按什么结构来写 民间故事有哪些表现形式（三）
歪戴破草帽，手拿木枪，身穿白褂，光着脚丫。他只有13岁，擅游泳，能爬树，会摔跤，爱咬人。机灵鬼透，野气逼人……
当画面定格在这里时，现在20、30岁以上的“小朋友”们都不会陌生：他就是小兵“张嘎”。
《小兵张嘎》系当代著名作家徐光耀的代表作。这部作品自1961年发表至今，已经四十多年了。“张嘎”，因其“英气”与“嘎气”，已成为新中国几代人童年记忆中的最灿烂的一部分。
■“张嘎”不是固定的某一个人
●“‘张嘎’应该是雁翎队队员的化身。像‘张嘎’这样的人和事在抗战时期有很多”
在民间，“张嘎”有不少传说中的“原型”。
传说一：在“嘎子”的故乡白洋淀，就流传了几个，其中最为人熟知的便是老雁翎队员赵波。赵波一直担任雁翎队的侦察员，他经历的抗敌故事也曾被报刊报道。当年《小兵张嘎》在白洋淀拍外景时，摄制组还请他到场，就服装、武器、作战等方面向他咨询。
——他是“嘎子”的原型吗？
传说二：上个世纪80年代初，“燕嘎子”（燕秀峰，曾名燕嘎子）在天津被“发现”了。他确是冀中（任丘）抗日根据地轰动一时的英雄人物：作家魏巍当年曾根据他的事迹，在自己的散文集中专门写了一篇《燕嘎子的故事》。很快，大小报刊都将他许为“张嘎”的原型。
——他们是“嘎子”的原型吗？
为了找到“张嘎”的原型，记者走访了北京、天津以及“张嘎”的故乡白洋淀等地几位仍健在的当年雁翎队的领导及队员。所幸的是，几位老人都健在。但是，我们却没有找到肯定的答案。
在白洋淀，我们走访了当年的雁翎队队员、后任雁翎队副队长的孙革老人，孙老谈了一个名叫“张沉底”的小鬼，认为他最接近“张嘎”原型，但后来参加八路军跟部队走了，再也杳无音信。
在天津，我们走访了原白洋淀区委书记徐健。徐老今年已经94岁高龄，听力不好，但思维相当清晰。徐老在谈及这个问题时说：“‘张嘎’不是固定的某一个人。从报刊的宣传来看，河北人（承）认赵波，天津人（承）认燕秀峰。但就我所知，当时的抗战英雄里没有‘张嘎’这么一个人。这个形象是综合起来的，没有特定的原型。” 同在天津的原雁翎队队员杜仲奎老人，也赞同徐老的看法。
徐健的继任、原白洋淀区委书记兼雁翎队政委马仲秋（抗战时期化名刘刚）现居北京，老人耳聪目明，全然不象一个已86岁高龄的人。马老在谈及‘张嘎’的原型时，非常认真地说道：“据我所知，没有一个小兵‘张嘎’。‘张嘎’应该是雁翎队队员的化身。像‘张嘎’这样的人和事在抗战时期有很多。”
那么，“嘎子”到底有没有原型？有的话，是谁？上述几位民间流传的人物，是不是“嘎子”的原型？
解铃还须系铃人。带着这个问题，记者采访了小说及电影剧本《小兵张嘎》的作者徐光耀。
■“瞪眼虎”和“希特勒”的传说
●提起“张嘎”原型问题，徐老谈起两个小人物：一个叫“瞪眼虎”，一个叫“希特勒”
2005年5月6日，小病初愈的徐老欣然接受了记者的采访。就像母亲谈论自己的孩子一样，今年已80高龄的徐老对于这个问题略带兴奋地娓娓道来：
关于“张嘎”原型的问题，我很想谈两个小人物，他们也是抗战中最先引起我激奋和感佩的，他们是赵县县大队的两个小侦察员，一个叫“瞪眼虎”，一个叫“希特勒”。
那是1942年—1944年的事，那时我在宁晋县大队。宁晋县和赵县是邻县，我们两个县的部队经常在作战中有一些军事配合，平常也有一些交往。我们宁晋县大队也有一些12、13岁的小侦察员，但他们没有作出什么突出的贡献。邻县赵县的两个小侦察员“瞪眼虎”和“希特勒”就不一样了。他俩不仅在赵县很有名，而且在邻近的几个县也声名远扬，是当时已经带有英雄色彩的人物了。
大家对他们的传说很多，我也听到了很多。那时，冀中地区经过了1942年的“5?1”大扫荡以后，“变质”成为敌占区，县大队一般白天都在村里隐蔽，晚上才能出来活动。
这样，白天的时候，大队就派一些侦察员到村子外或路口设一些暗哨，监视敌人的活动。例如，当时我听到过关于他俩的这样两个故事：
一次，“瞪眼虎”和“希特勒”被派出去监视敌情。两个小侦察员都是12、13岁的孩子，呆久了他俩就开始玩起来了，忘了执行任务的事儿。没想到，敌人突然出现在村口，等他们发现的时候，已经来不及回县大队报告情况了。这时如果往回跑，会让敌人起疑心。怎么办呢？这两个小侦察员就假装打架，一个被另一个打哭了，撒腿就往回跑，另一个在后面追。就这样跑回去报告了情报。
还有一次，两个小侦察员化装成要饭的，背了一个粪筐，到敌人的据点去。结果，他俩不仅带回来了敌人的数量、装备等情报，还把敌人的枪和手榴弹也偷回来了。他俩类似这样的故事很多，但我们那个县大队没有。
那个时候我也才17岁，也可以说是个大孩子。而且我这个人天性就有孩子气，喜欢文学，喜欢听故事，所以对“瞪眼虎”和“希特勒”的传说印象深刻。
在现实中，我也只见过“瞪眼虎”一面，没有见过“希特勒”。那次，宁晋县和赵县的县大队配合围攻敌人的一个岗楼。由于“瞪眼虎”和“希特勒”当时很有名，我就很留心观察谁是“瞪眼虎”，谁是“希特勒”。
当时我在战壕上看见一个小战士，他倒背着一条马枪，枪口朝下，穿的是便衣，头上却歪戴着一顶八路军的军帽，英气逼人，当时他也就13、14岁的样子。尤其是他的帽子一歪，就有一股野气、一股嘎气。别人告诉我，他就是“瞪眼虎”。但那时候我尚无写作愿望，所以没有上前去和他搭话，对他俩的事迹也没有搜集。
后来，在我1950年出版的长篇小说《平原烈火》中，就已经出现了一个小鬼“瞪眼虎”，出场时曾是挺活跃的，可后来被主角挤到一边去，没啥事可干，最后只得蔫不唧地结束。一位我的老战友看了批评说：“你怎么把个挺可爱的孩子写丢了呢？”为此，我自己也挺遗憾。但这却为以后的“嘎子”，埋下了一株嫩芽。
到了1958年我酝酿“张嘎”时，第一颗在心中萌发的种子，就是他们。当时我还以私人的名义给赵县武装部去过一封信，询问有关“瞪眼虎”和“希特勒”的情况，但没有得到回音。
现在想来，如果说我的“张嘎”有原型，就是他们俩。因为当我这个写作愿望产生时，他俩就蹦了出来。但也可以说他俩不是原型，因为我并没有采访过他们，也并非根据他俩的事迹创作了“张嘎”。
有些人曾传说：“徐光耀本人就是‘张嘎’。因他也是13岁就参加了八路军，与‘张嘎’同岁。”
■徐光耀本人就是“张嘎”？非也！
●徐老说：“形成“张嘎”的大量材料，都是在我的生活储存中一点一点挖出来的”
对于这个问题，徐老郑重而谦虚地说：非也！“我虽然是13岁当的八路，但我这个人是非常刻板的，很守规矩，全无灵动之气，也没有创立过可以名垂史册的功勋。”
尽管如此，正是徐老的这一段生涯，才最终成就了小说及电影《小兵张嘎》。
我13岁当八路军战士，参加过很多次战斗。仅在宁晋县大队呆的三年时间，就打了几十次仗。我一生打的仗就100仗左右。我记得1944年的一天，我在日记本上统计时，就已经打了72仗了。因此，我对在敌人眼皮下进行军事斗争的环境和斗争方式都非常熟悉，生活储存非常丰富。我所写的东西，不是靠采访、访问来完成的，而是我亲身经历的时代，我对那种斗争环境和斗争方式太熟悉了。
徐老说：“形成‘张嘎’的大量材料，都是在我的生活储存中一点一点挖出来的。”
因为我这个人也很孩子气，所以我很注意我周围的嘎人、嘎事。我搜集的这些事，并不一定是小孩干的，也可能是大人干的；不一定全是部队的事，也有老百姓干的事。写“嘎子”的时候，抓个性成了我方法上的头等大事，即：凡符合“嘎子”个性的，就拼命强化、突出；凡与“嘎子”个性无关的，戏再好，也予割弃，即或“冲犯”了什么，也在所不惜。
那么，什么是“嘎”呢？徐老说，在他的故乡——河北省雄县，“嘎”就是调皮捣蛋、干点儿无伤大雅的小坏事儿，而且还有点儿可爱。凡带有这个特点的人和事，就称之为“嘎”。
在徐老的故乡，如果形容一个人聪明、善于出招，称为“故点儿”。这个词的发音很特别，后两个字要连起来读，否则就不是那个意思了。当初徐老在创作《小兵张嘎》时，曾想取名《小兵张故点儿》，但后来转念一想：这个词太偏了，读者也念不出当地的味儿来，就索性把名字改成了“张嘎”。至于他为什么要姓“张”，徐老说：“‘张’姓很普遍，正好代表了很多这样的人，而且‘张’字的口音很响亮。”
对于民间流传的各种“张嘎”原型，徐老说，他实际接触过的只有两个：一个是白洋淀的赵波，一个是原保定武装部的干部，由于在战斗中失去了左胳膊，人们都叫他“董胳膊”，真名反倒记不起来了。而且这两个人都是在小说及电影剧本《小兵张嘎》完成之后才接触的。
徐老第一次和赵波见面是在1962年秋，作为保定文联的工作者前去采访雁翎队的故事。那时，创作于1958年的小说《小兵张嘎》已于1961年发表；根据小说改编的同名电影剧本也已经交付剧组了。至于燕秀峰，徐老并不认识。在燕秀峰刚被发现并见诸报道时，徐老曾很高兴地撰文：毕竟又多了一个佳话流传中的“张嘎”，英雄的发现总是让人高兴的。但要论起“张嘎”的原型，显然上述几位都不是。 所以，对于一些自称“张嘎”原型的人、媒体宣传的所谓“张嘎”原型，以及有媒体称“徐光耀要据某原型的事迹再写《张嘎新传》”等等，徐老非常反感。
徐光耀解读经典“嘎事”
民间故事是按什么结构来写 民间故事有哪些表现形式（四）
即《一千零一夜》，阿拉伯古代民间故事集。比喻虚诞夸饰的议论，荒诞不经的说法。
“天方”是从前中国对阿拉伯的称呼
阿拉伯
“天方”是从前中国对阿拉伯的称呼。
《天方夜谭》是中古时期的一部阿拉伯民间故事集，其作者并非一个人，而是在长期流传的过程中，经过了多人的创作和加工。通过山鲁佐德给国王讲故事的形式，把大小260多个故事镶嵌在这个大故事的框架之内。
民间故事是按什么结构来写 民间故事有哪些表现形式（五）
————精卫填海
The bird Jingwei trying to fill the sea
Once upon a time, the youngest daughter of Emperor Yan, legendary ruler of primitive China, went boating on the Eastern Sea. While she was enjoying herself, a strong wind rose on the sea and her boat capsized. Just before she was buried by the surging waves, her spirit turned into a beautiful bird. As it flew over the roaring sea, it cried sadly in the sound "jinwei, jingwei". That was why people called it "Jingwei".
The bird lived on a mountain near the sea. It hated the sea so much that it decided to fill it up. Every day, it flew to and fro between the mountain and the sea, carrying in a twig or a pebble from the mountain and dropping it into the sea.
One day, the roaring sea said to Jingwei, "Poor little bird, stop doing that meaningless thing! You'll never fill me up." Jingwei replied, "I'll fill you up no doubt! I will, even if it'll take me thousands of years! I'll fight on until doomsday!"
The brave little bird kept carrying twigs and pebbles from the mountain to the Eastern Sea without taking a rest.
From this fable comes the idiom "The bird Jingwei trying to fill the sea". We use it to describe people who are firm and indomitable and will not stop until they reach their goal.
———愚公移山
Taihang, Wong Uk two mountains, up to a radius of 700, up to ten feet Qiba Qian. They originally located in the southern part of Jizhou, on the north shore of the Yellow River.
Called the Foolish Old Man of the northern people, nearly 90-year-old age, living in the face of Hill. Foolish Old Man of the Hill suffer from blocking the road to the north, go all the way Raoyuan. Foolish Old Man of the then convened to discuss the whole family, said: "You and I both tried two big mountains to be leveled, it has to pass Yuzhou in the south, to reach the south bank of Han River, will you?" We have agreed with him. Foolish Old Man's wife questioned said: "With your strength, not even the father of Quebec Hill have cut the land grievances, and can Taihang, Wong Uk Shan how these two doBesides, where on earth to go?" We One after another: "to the edge of the earth and rock into the Bohai Sea, north of the hidden land." Foolish Old Man of the children and grandchildren can then lead the three-Tiaodan, stone cutting, digging the soil, Kei basket delivered to the edge of the Bohai Sea. Beijing's neighbors last name has a widow orphans, just seven or eight years old, to help them bounce. Winter and summer seasons, the only one from this.
The bend-chi to stop the Foolish Old Man of old gentleman with a smile: "You too smart. With your remaining years of effort, not to destroy a mountain of grass, mud and rock how can?" Foolish Old Man of the Beishan A long heavy sigh and said: "You thought stubborn, obstinate to the point where can not be changed, not as widows and small children. Even if I die, and his son in it; son and grandson of Health, sons and grandchildren; son and his son, Son and grandson; children and grandchildren did not come to an end, but Hill will not increase the height of injustice dug why worry"Moses old gentleman does not bend, then to answer.
Holding the snake mountain heard about it, for fear he kept digging continues, the Association reported on the matter. Emperor moved by his sincerity, the command's E boast two sons go back two Hill. On the eastern part of a Shuofang, a Yongzhou on the south. Since then, in the south of Jizhou, north of the Han River, there is no barrier of high mountains.
夸父追日
Kuafuzhuiri
Ancient times, in the north of the country, there is a magnificent towering Chengdu contained Tianshan mountains there lived a giant called Kuafu family clan. Kuafu tribe leader called braggadocio, he was extremely tall, Litaiwuqiong, strong-willed, the extraordinary spirit. At that time, the world's desolation behind, poisonous snakes wild beasts run amok, and people's lives miserable. Kuafu the purpose of this tribe of people can live births every day and led the crowd fighting with the scourge. Braggadocio often caught in ferocious yellow snake hanging in his ears as a decoration, be proud of.
One year, days of drought. Like fire and the sun scorched the ground crops, dried up river water. One hot uncomfortable, I can not live. Kuafu to see this scenario, we set ambitious vowed to catch the sun and let it listen to the people's instructions, and better service for everyone.
One day, the sun had just risen from the sea, Kuafu take significant steps from the edge of the East China Sea began his daily journey.
Sun in the sky flew forward, braggadocio on the ground as high winds to recover. Kuafu kept chasing 呀 chase, hungry, picking a wild fruit boxes; thirsty, and holding a river mouth thirst-quenching; tired, and was only a nap. His heart has been encouraging ourselves: "Soon, we must catch up with the sun, and people's lives will be happy." He catch for nine days and nine nights, from the sun, closer to us, glowing red, burning hot sun on his own head 啦.
Kuafu has crossed the one seat mountain, crossed a river section, and finally we must catch up with the sun-Yu Gu. At this time, Kuafu mind extremely excited. He may reach out to catch the sun, because of over-excitement, physical and psychological haggard, suddenly, Kuafu felt dizziness, actually passed out. When he awoke, the sun has long gone.
Kuafu still not discouraged, he summon the body's strength, she is preparing to set out. However, the closer from the sun, the more intense sunlight, Kuafu feel more and more intolerable anxiety, he felt he was covered in water have been evaporated, and urgent, he needs to drink plenty of water. So stand up and walk south-east of Kuafu the Yellow River, Fu Xiashen son, drank the water of the Yellow River, the Yellow River water was that he Hegan, and he was going to drink the water in the Weihe River. Who knows, he Hegan of the Weihe River water, or not to quench your thirst. As a result, he intended to go north, going to drink a large Ze water. However, the braggadocio is really tired and too thirsty, and when he went half way, the body will no longer unable to cope, and slowly fall to the ground, dead.
Kuafu's death, his body turned into a mountain. This is the "braggadocio Mountain", it was said Lingbao County, Henan Province is located in the West is now 35 Spirit Lake valley and the pool where the middle valley. Kuafu dropped the cane when he died, but also has become a colorful Yunxia Taolin the same. Taolin of the difficult terrain, and their descendants treat this place called the "Tao-lin chai."
Kuafu dead, he did not catch the sun. However, the Emperor of Heaven by his sacrifice, moved by the spirit of the brave heroes to punish the sun. Since then, every year of his tribal days, all things flourish. Kuafu's descendants live in Kuafu Yamashita, parenthood, offspring, life is very happy.
THE WHITE SNAKE
A Chinese mythical tale of wide appeal is that of the White Snake.There are four characters in it-Bai Suzhen,Xiaoqing,Xu Xian and Fahai.
Suzhen is a white snake thousands of years old and ,having acquired transcendant powers through self-cultivation,changes herself into a beautiful woman.Xiaoqing,her maid,is a green snake who has likewise assumed the form of a girl.Bored by the lonesome life in the mountains,they go to visit the beautiful city of Hangzhou.
They are caught in the rain at the side of West Lake near a place called the Broken Bridge. Here they are offered an umbrella by Xu Xian,a young shop keeper at the apothecary in town.Suzhen(also known as the White Lady)falls in love with him and asks him to call on her the next day to get back his umbrella.
At their next meeting,their mutual admiration quickly blossoms into marriage.They live happily together for a few months until Xu Xian meets Fahai,Abbot of Jinshan Monastery.
This crafty,meddlesome hypocrite,jealous of the happiness of the lay world,tells Xu Xian that he has fallen into the trap of a demon and that his life is in danger.
At length,instigated by the wicked monk,Xu Xian goes home and plies the White Lady with a medicated wine till drunkenness restored her original form.The sight sends Xu Xian into shock and a lasting stupor.
To save her husband,the White Lady goes up the Kunlun Mountains to steal a divine cureall herb at the risk of her life.With tender care and Xiaoqing's assistance,she nurses Xu Xian back to health.But the loving yet apprehensive Xu Xian is abducted by Fahai and detained in the monastery.
An open,fierce struggle unfolds,culminating in the White Lady besieging Jinshan Monastery with a flood.She is defeated because she is far gone in pregnancy and has to run for her life with Xiaoqing.In the meantime,Xu Xian also escapes from the monastery.
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