一禅小和尚哲理故事 寓言故事的主要特点
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1．情境性
课程故事的情境性表现为它总是向读者展示故事不断展开的“场景”与“情节”.“场景”指的是课程故事发生的环境.一般来说,课程故事中所描述的环境分为物理的环境和文化社会的环境,前者通常指教室布置,桌椅摆放等,后者则把班级、课堂喻为“小社会”、“文化群体”.但是杜威认为,“环境不仅表示围绕个体的周围事物,还表示周围事物和个体自己的主动趋势的特殊的连续性.”据此,他提出：“真环境”的概念,其意指与个体相交作用的事物,并使得“一个人的活动跟着事物而变异”,课程故事中描述的“场景”并不只是故事的展开提供—个“空间”,而是“场景”成为引发促进或阻碍课程故事发生发展的因素以及支持或挫败教育教学的条件.“场景”在一定程度上,支持、滋养、教育了故事中的人.在第二个故事中,“讲台”“同学们”都是“我”和那个羞怯的男生所处的故事场景.“讲台”“课堂”“同学们”是故事发生发展的重要因素,与故事的主角相互作用.男孩走上讲台,使出现了故事中的尴尬局面.同学们的哄笑,“课堂死寂一片”使“我”陷入教学困境.“我”背对讲台,成为应对困境、推动故事发展的方式.背对讲台的“我”体会到保护学生自信的意义.站在讲台上的男生获得了成功的体验,不再怯懦恐惧.课程故事的价值在于“情节”打动人、感染人、教育人,而不全是以“理”服人.在课程故事中,“失误”“误解”“悔恨”“冲突”等等是经常映入眼帘的“情节”.它常常引人人胜、感人至深.在“情节”中,故事的主角经历的情感的震动,使得教师意识到自身思想的误区,便抛弃陈见,转变教育观念.尼尔斯(Nias,f．)指出,教师转变观念的过程是一场情感的经历.只有当教师心中的职业形象在经历长期的混乱、困惑、痛苦后,观念的转变才真正得到实现.再者,课程故事之所以能吸引广大教师,即在于故事中的情结.情节再现了具体而丰富的教育教学过程.倾听、阅读故事的教师会感到这些故事似曾相识,仿佛就发生在自己的身边,因而倍感亲切、真实,认为可以从中获得启示.这些故事中也有教师的教学行为举措,但不像教师经验论文那样只强调自己的作法,并雄心勃勃,试图建立一个具有普遍意义的教学模式.那些去掉情景的“一法”“一得”往往显得干瘪,缺乏当初的活力.教师的“一法”“一得”只有在具体真实的教育情境中才显露无限的生机与活力.
2．探究性
课程故事记录的是,教师思考课程问题、寻求课程实施出路、谋划课程实施策略；实施课程设计的探究过程,我们把课程实施视为一个动态生成的历时过程.制定再完美的课程设计也不可能保证教师应付所发生的一切教学事件.课程故事往往始于教学现实与课程设计的矛盾冲突之时.课程故事通常采用深度描写的写作方式,详细展示教师面临的“中途触礁”“令人头痛、诧异”“困惑”“后悔”等一系列矛盾冲突问题.在上述‘案例中,作者不惜笔墨,详述了“我”悔恨的内心感受.此时,课程故事的主角一一教师不再是一名旁观者,而是置身于课程问题中,这使得教师不得不“独上高楼,望断天涯路.”直面“山重水复疑无路”的困境,许多教师“衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴.”矢志不渝,执著于分析教育问题,思考走出课程困境的办法,调整课程实施方案,尝试解决课程问题.教师一旦开始思考课程问题和谋划课程实施的出路,总是在“众里寻她千百度”之后,“摹然回首”重新认识教师、学生、课程等原点问题.由此看来,课程故事展现的是教师遭遇课程问题、探究课程问题、解决课程问题的过程.
3．自我实践性
从上述课程故事不难看出,“我”是课程故事的组织,是“我”在讲述自己课堂上亲身经历.“我”不是故事中的旁观者,而是故事的建构者和故事中的实践者.“我”在故事中躬身践行自己的“个人课程哲学”,建立自己的故事经验,提升自身的专业水平.再者,课程故事渗透着故事主人公——“我”的情感历程.“我”在故事里以我有限的精神生命与他者相遇.师生演绎人与人之间的情感故事.“我”在故事里苦闷、彷徨、忧虑、冲突、兴奋.“我”作为一个情感真挚的完整的人在故事中生存,而非道貌岸然“理性君子”编撰自己的教育史话.总之,教师撰写的优秀课程故事必定洋溢着教师的生命色彩,个性魅力.课程故事是一个情感丰富、实践特点鲜明的教育学文本,研究者可以从中获得情感的震撼和实践智慧的启迪.
4．反思性
我们可以从上述课程故事的结尾部分看到教师对故事做出的后续检讨、反思、领悟.它们是故事的思想灵魂,最能反映教师撰写课程故事时的课程理念.课程故事与一般故事的区别关键在于课程故事中蕴含着教师对实践的反思、领悟,以及重述故事时的再反思.这种“双重反思”使得教师在撰写故事的过程中重新认识教育,意识自己缄默的教育观念,促进自身观念的更新和教育经验的积累.
一禅小和尚哲理故事
狗和影子(The Dog and the Shadow)It happened that a Dog had got a piece of meat and was carrying it home in his mouth to eat it in peace. Now, on his way home he had to cross a plank lying across a running brook. As he crossed, he looked down and saw his own shadow reflected in the water beneath. Thinking it was another dog with another piece of meat, he made up his mind to have that also. So he made a snap at the shadow in the water, but as he opened his mouth the piece of meat fell out, dropped into the water and was never seen more.
一只狗嘴里衔着一块肉，走过一条河上面的桥，看见他自己在水里的影子，以为是另一只狗，那时狗衔着的肉，比他自己的还要大一倍。因此他仍掉自己的那一块，狠狠地扑向那只狗，想夺到那一块较大的肉。结果两头都落了空，因为他想要抓取在水中的那一块，只不过是一个影子，而原来的那一块，也被水冲走了。
Beware lest you lose the substance by grasping at the shadow.
谨记，切莫因追逐幻影而丢失已有的东西。
The Thirsty Pigeon口渴的鸽子
A PIGEON, oppressed by excessive thirst, saw a goblet of water
painted on a signboard. Not supposing it to be only a picture,
she flew towards it with a loud whir and unwittingly dashed
against the signboard, jarring herself terribly. Having broken
her wings by the blow, she fell to the ground, and was caught by
one of the bystanders.
Zeal should not outrun discretion.
有只鸽子口渴得很难受，看见画板上画着一个水瓶，以为是真的。他立刻呼呼地猛飞过 去，不料一头碰撞在画板上，折断了翅膀，摔在地上，被人轻易地捉住了。
这是说，有些人想急于得到所需的东西，一时冲动，草率从事，就会身遭不幸。
(The Dog and the Shadow)It happened that a Dog had got a piece of meat and was carrying it home in his mouth to eat it in peace. Now, on his way home he had to cross a plank lying across a running brook. As he crossed, he looked down and saw his own shadow reflected in the water beneath. Thinking it was another dog with another piece of meat, he made up his mind to have that also. So he made a snap at the shadow in the water, but as he opened his mouth the piece of meat fell out, dropped into the water and was never seen more.
狗和影子：一只狗嘴里衔着一块肉，走过一条河上面的桥，看见他自己在水里的影子，以为是另一只狗，那时狗衔着的肉，比他自己的还要大一倍。因此他仍掉自己的那一块，狠狠地扑向那只狗，想夺到那一块较大的肉。结果两头都落了空，因为他想要抓取在水中的那一块，只不过是一个影子，而原来的那一块，也被水冲走了。
参考资料
爱童书：http://www.aitongshu.com/tale/10010/
an old woman had a cat. the cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. one day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. but she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.
then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. she began to hit the cat. the cat said, "do not hit your old servant. i have worked for you for many years, and i would work for you still, but i am too old. do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."
【译文】
老猫
一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。
于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不要这么无情，要记住老年人在年青时所做过的有益的事情。”
The Fox and the Cat 狐狸和猫
It happened that the cat met Mr. Fox in the woods. She thought, "He is intelligent and well experienced, and is highly regarded in the world," so she spoke to him in a friendly manner, "Good-day, my dear Mr. Fox. How is it going How are you How are you getting by in these hard times"
The fox, filled with arrogance, examined the cat from head to feet, and for a long time did not know whether he should give an answer. At last he said, "Oh, you poor beard-licker, you speckled fool, you hungry mouse hunter, what are you thinking Have you the nerve to ask how I am doing What do you know How many tricks do you understand"
"I understand but one," answered the cat, modestly.
"What kind of a trick is it" asked the fox.
"When the dogs are chasing me, I can jump into a tree and save myself."
"Is that all" said the fox. "I am master of a hundred tricks, and in addition to that I have a sackful of cunning. I feel sorry for you. Come with me, and I will teach you how one escapes from the dogs."
Just then a hunter came by with four dogs. The cat jumped nimbly up a tree, and sat down at its top, where the branches and foliage completely hid her.
"Untie your sack, Mr. Fox, untie your sack," the cat shouted to him, but the dogs had already seized him, and were holding him fast.
"Oh, Mr. Fox," shouted the cat. "You and your hundred tricks are left in the lurch. If you been able to climb like I can, you would not have lost your life."
寓言故事的主要特点
一只火鸡和一头牛闲聊，火鸡说：我希望能飞到树顶，可我没有勇气。
牛说：为什么不吃一点我的牛粪呢，他们很有营养。
火鸡吃了一点牛粪，发现它确实给了它足够的力量飞到第一根树枝，
第二天，火鸡又吃了更多的牛粪，飞到第二根树枝，
两个星期后，火鸡骄傲的飞到了树顶，
但不久，一个农夫看到了它，迅速的把它从树上射了下来。
生存之道：牛屎运让你达到顶峰，但不能让你留在那里。
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