城市化管理对加纳人口生活水平的影响

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Bacground, Objective and Significance of the StudyThe world is increasingly being urbanized with about half of theworld‘s population already living in urban areas. (Thomas, 2008; Olujimi 2009;Satterthwaite et al, 2021)[1, 2, 3].The driving forces behind the rapid urbanization in Africa today are thetwin processes of rural-urban migration and natural increase within towns andcities (Songsore, 2009; Thuo, 2021)[4,5].By birth or through rural-urban migration, the poor of the world areincreasingly concentrating in cities, both large and small. It is expected that verysoon the majority of manind will live in cities. By definition, cities are spatialconcentrations of people and their economic and social activities, other thanprimarily agricultural. They are therefore both a concentration of poverty andwealth, and problems as well as solutions. Urbanization taes place in the wholeworld, in poor and affluent regions alie. But in the poorer ones, urban growth isthe strongest, nearly half of it caused by migration of poor peasants to the cities.By definition, urbanization is the growth in the proportion of a country'spopulation living in urban areas (Thomas, 2008).The urban population may also be thought of more as nonagricultural thanurban in the way those in industrialized countries would naturally tend toperceive it. (United Nations statistics division 2007 demographic yearboo)In 1950, about 30% of the worlds population lived in cities and is projectedto rise to 61% by 2030 (Trzyna, 2007)[6]. The current statistics seem to suggestthat almost every country in the world has experienced some form ofurbanization, and the process is proceeding unabated, especially in Africa.Raodi, (1997 cited in Thuo, 2021) argued that it is almost a truism that theplas future is an urban one, and that, the largest and fastest growing cities areprimarily in developing countries. This statement is proven more accurate,particularly in Africa looing at the alarming rate of urban growth[7]..........1.2 Literature ReviewDiffering opinions have been expressed about the process of urb anization inAfrica, many people are of the view that rapid urban growth in Africa is often inconjunction with inadequate governance systems, infrastructure development,environmental degradation and land administration and most often, lac ofindustrial and economic growth which have led to what is often called theAfrican urban crisis (Yanson, 2006; Raodi, 2005 cited in Mandere et al, 2021).Satterthwaite et al (2021) however argued that it is the cause of such problemsbut the inadequacies in the response of governments and international agencies[19,20]. Osmanu et al (2021) attributed these challenges to the failure ofgovernments to deliver infrastructure services necessary for providing adequateliving standards[21].Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urbanareas, and the resulting growth of cities. Urbanization is a process that hasoccurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans haveinhabited.The word urban; was derived from the Latin word urbanus; meaningcharacteristic of or pertaining to, the city (Macionis and Parrillo,2007)[22]. Thisgoes on to explain or define urbanization as the shift; from a rural to an urbansociety, and involves an increase in the number of people in urban ar eas during aparticular year. (Nsiah-Gyabaah, 2003)[23]. He further argues that urbanization isthe oute of the social, economic and political developments that lead tourban concentration and growth of large cities, changes in land use andtransformation from rural to metropolitan pattern of organization andgovernment. In effect, urbanization affects all aspects of life both in the rural andurban setting (Addo-Fordwuor, 2021)[24]..........Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundation2.1 Sustainable Development TheoriesIn previous chapter, the topic under study was introduced; relevant literaturewas reviewed and vividly discussed. This chapter hopes to examine relevantsustainable development theories that relate to the urbanization and livingstandards. Sustainable development here refers to a development process whichdoes not impact adversely on the environment and which taes into account theneeds of the present generation as well as the future generations.Accra, one of the most rapidly growing cities in Sub-Saharan Africa, hasexperienced the phenomenon of urbanization as thoroughly as any African nation(city), but its experience has also been unique - in scale, in pervasiveness, and inhistorical antecedents.Modern urbanization in most African countries has been dominated by thegrowth of a single primate city, the political and mercial center of the nation;its emergence was, more often than not, lined to the shaping of the countryduring the colonial era. In countries with a coastline, this was often a coastal port,and in Ghana, Accra fitted well into this pattern. Unlie most other nations,however, Ghana had not just one or two but several other cities of major size andimportance, a number of which were larger than most other national capitals inAfrica.Cities are not only independent centers of concentrated human populationand activity; they also exert a potent influence on the rural landscape(Mabogunje 1968). What are distinctive about the growth of cities in Ghana arethe length of its historical extension and the geographic pervasiveness of itscoverage. This chapter will loo at three main theories, The SustainableLivelihood Approach of the DFID, The Impacts of Urbanization and CopingStrategies and also the National Urban Policy Framewor of the Republic ofGhana..........2.2 Sustainable Livelihood ApproachAny social research needs to be guided by a theoretical or conceptualframewor. This will serve as a touch light; with which the study will be looedat or situated within. This research will loo at three important theories related tothis study. .All theories will be explained in perspective and elaborated on.Many attempts have been made to establish a couple of theories that help indefining and explaining the concept of urbanization and how it affects standardsof living of the urban population. One school of thought came up with theSustainable Livelihood Approach; in trying to explain and solve the problemurbanization brings about. This theory loos at urbanization from a couple ofperspectives, some of which will be discussed in this chapter.In recent years, the concept of livelihood has gained widespread popularity,ranging from agencies of development to development analysts.This study will be guided by the sustainable livelihood framewor by theBritish Department for International Development (DFID). This framewor hasbeen adapted and adopted for the purpose of this research. The concept of‘sustainable livelihoods constitute the basis of different development agencies ofwhich includes the (DFID). The DFID, has developed a sustainable livelihoodframewor which is one of the most widely used livelihood framewo rs fordevelopment practice.(GLOPP,2008)[40]. The concept of ‘sustainable livelihoodsconstitute the basis of different ‘sustainable livelihoods approaches (SLF) andhas been adapted by different agencies including the DFID. The DFID hasdeveloped a ‘sustainable livelihood framewor (SLF) which is one of the mostwidely used livelihood framewors in development practice. The DFID, ssustainable livelihood approach was developed in 1999 and has since beenadopted and modified by a number of development agencies such as CARE,UNDP among others. For the purpose of this research wor, the DFID, ssustainable livelihood framewor has been adopted, modified and used as a eypoint of reference.

...........CHAPTER 3 A CASE STUDY OF MADINA IN ACCRA......... 383.1 Research Design ............ 383.2 Types and Sources of Data ....... 393.3 Population, Sample Size And Sampling Technique .......... 393.4 Methodology ....... 403.5 Chapter Summary .......... 41CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS FROM SURVEY..... 424.1 Presentation of Respondents Demographic Profile .......... 424.2 Enthusiasms for Moving to the city. ............ 474.3 Opportunities for Employment and Education ....... 494.4 Social Interventions Assimilation ...... 514.5 Chapter Summary .......... 54CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS AND SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH ........ 555.1 Summary of the Study ............. 555.2 Major findings of Study........... 575.3 Limitations of the Study .......... 625.4 Remendations.......... 635.5 Chapter Summary .......... 64Chapter 5 Findings And Summary of the Research5.1 Summary of the StudyAlthough urbanization is not a new phenomenon in Ghana, the recent risein the numbers and the resulting pressure on resources such as housing andemployment has led to a largely negative policy position of government,metropolitan and municipal authorities on rural-urban migration and thedevelopment of slums in Ghana. Urbanization is typically seen as puttingmuch pressure on urban infrastructure, environment and employment and therehas been an underlying assumption that this is lined to urban poverty.It is therefore a widely held belief that urbanization cannot lead to anypositive impacts for migrants, their families or the areas from which theymigrated from or are currently settled. Urbanization is characterized by poorlypaid jobs in the informal sector of the citys economy where most of thesemigrants see employment. Many of these migrants are not able to mae endsmeet not to tal about affording the decent acmodation due to the high rateof rent of decent acmodation in the city. Renting decent acmodationis characterized by the practice whereby landlords demand at least 2 -3 years ofadvance payment of rent which many of these migrants are not able to afford.This practice though is illegal; it is a wide phenomenon due to the highdemand for housing against a sluggish housing supply in the city of Accra.Poor migrants who are unable to afford the high rent end up settling in poorlyplanned, overcrowded and ecologically sensitive areas in the capital..........conclusionIn the course of this research, it was realized that the issue of urban povertyhas been on the ascendency. Most people who migrated to the city with the soleaim of improving their livelihoods rather got worse by day as it became evendifficult maing ends meet.All the respondents opined that people are still moving and some othersare willing to move into Accra and majority of the respondents also noted that more people move into Accra than before. Furthermore, majority of therespondents noted that urbanization exact great impacts on environmentalconditions and environmental sanitation.Lastly, on the effect of urbanization on ine earners, it was found thaturbanization impacts significantly on low and middle ine earners but lesson high ine earners.In conclusion, this research discovered that, much effort has always beenput on the negative impacts urbanization poses forgetting that if structures andInstitutions are handled well, urbanization could be a growth engine for theentire nation. But until efforts are taen by government and the private sectorto improve and develop living situations in urban centres, the worl d at largewill always view urbanization based on its negative effects. Rural areas shouldalso be developed to meet the standard of urban areas to decrease the pressureof rural people migrating to the urban centers daily. If this is than, rural peoplewill learn to live in their munities and also find sustainable ways of livingand this goes to develop the entire nation...........References (abbreviated)